Friday, May 6, 2011

What is intelligence?


-What does the term "IQ" mean?

The term IQ means intelligence quotient, and comes from the German Intelligenz-Quotient.

-When, where and by whom was the concept of IQ developed?
Was developed in France by the French psychologist Alfred Binet in 1904 . Originally was designed to test school students and determine the child's mental age.

-What is the average IQ?
Between 90 - 110

-What is Mensa International?
In a non-profit high IQ organization. Its open for people who score on a 98th percentile on certain IQ test.

-Name at least two different IQ tests.
WISC-IV (children) WAIS-III (by far the most commonly used) Stanford-Binet

Friday, April 8, 2011

Drugs and Behavior: Article Reviews

Why Pot Smokers are Paranoid
 One of the worst side effects of marijuana is paranoia. This condition, also shared by patience suffering from schizophrenia, causes consumers to see patterns in events that aren't real, such as conspiracies.  In a research made with rats  where they were given a drug that enhanced cannabinoid-receptor activity,whern they received  a minor shock, it  was enough to cause them to freeze with fear when they were later exposed to the cage and its related scent. Without the marijuana-like drug, small shocks did not have the same effect. This report published in a famouse journal, suggests that an activity in the amygdala, the part of your brain in charge of emotions and fear, is reponsible for the marijuan induce to paranoia. Other finding suggests that when marijuana is induced in the pre frontal cortex, the paranoia can be partially control.  Both of the brain regions studied are related to schizophrenia, and that understanding their interconnections could lead to better treatments for the disorder. This article shows a dasrk side of marijuana, and positive research that may contribute with treatment to a difficult disease to understand sucha as schizophrenia. 

 http://healthland.time.com/2011/04/06/why-pot-smokers-are-paranoid/#ixzz1IxT12Cr2




Why legalizing Marijauna Makes Sense
 Through time different conditions such as economic crisis, and the right of the seniors to end their life in a digne way has inciated a debate of the ilegal condition of pot.  The most basic reason in favor of legalization is that prohibition simply doesn't work. This was proved by the days of alcohol prohibition in the United States, but apparently this  lesson was worthless since the US has been repeating the same mistakes with marijuana and other drugs continually over the following decades. Marijauna causes a lot of vioklence because all the money involved. The drud dealers ambition for money and power causes death and insecurity. Also the state and government may be benefited from it, and little new consumers will come just because it is legal.Money earned by drug smuggling is a great opportunity for criminals to purchase guns, hire soldiers, and support terrorism. Just as with cigarettes the governmet could carry our pacific campaigns and try to prevent teens from getting it, in fact is bettter to prevent kids to have contact with drug dealers. 
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/19/fashion/19pot.html

Tuesday, March 29, 2011

Marijuana should be legalized


Marijuana is one of the most popular drugs despite the fact that it is ilegal.  The use of the drug has by no means decreased over the past few decades, and it is popular worldwide.  Marijuana, thus should be legal because legalizing the drug will decrease illegal drug smuggling, money made from the drug would go into the economy rather than the black market, and it probably wouldn’t change the population of users drastically because there is an abundance of the drug now whether it is legal or not. 

If marijuana were legal there would be less delinquent activity involved with the drug, for example, dealing and using.  Marijuana has less harmless effects that alcohol, yet alcohol is legal and continues to produce problems with drunk driving, domestic abuse, excessive use, illegal drinking with minors, ect.  Marijuana is a non-addictive and it is associated with little overdose incidences, car accidents, ect. In addition, Marijuana is sometimes used for medicinal purposes, and it has been proven that there are some health benefits to the drug, including among cancer patients. Of course the drug has negative effects, as do all drugs, but the effects of marijuana produce less harm to the body than any other drug we have studied, including alcohol.      
Although I am not advocating the use of Marijuana, I think if the drug were legal, it would produce far less illegal activity across the world and thus create a safer environment.  Also, if it were legal, the selling, buying, and using of the drug would be more controlled. Whether Marijuana is legal or not, drug users will continue using the drug despite the law, but if it were legal, pharmaceutical companies could advertise with precautions, just as tobacco companies do now with cigarettes.  Therefore knowledge would be increased about the harms of the drug as well.  I think it would be more beneficial to legalize it, so the activity involved with Marijuana would be managed.                    

Monday, March 7, 2011

METH

More powerful and cheaper than a dosis of cocaine,  and as easy to produce as cooking brownies, Methamphetamine or most commonly known as "meth" or "crystal meth" is a mortal drug that each day is getting more popular inside the United Sates. Meth increases alertness, concentration, energy, and in high doses, can induce euphoria, and enhance self-esteem. It is really addictive and physically affects its consumer. After watching the video The Worlds most dangerous drug, I learned many things about this substance, that due to its popularity is getting each time more accessible, so is better to be informed of its consequences.

One of the most interesting things that lie around meth, is the fact that as many other inventions, it was created for  for warlike purposes. Japanese soldiers were provided with this drug for having a better performance in wwii. Since its creation, meth is presented in crystals. It is really easy to elaborate and very economic. During the last decades its consumption between teens has increased, being nowadays a big problem difficult to stop from proliferation.  I personally think that such a bad substance for humans should be banned in every place in the world due to its high addictivity and mortal consequences. I didnt know that there existed a drug that could not only damage your body internally and psychologically, but also drastically change your physical appearance.

Thursday, February 3, 2011

Body Language

1.
The following are five examples of common unconscious body movements and their meaning.

a)Playing with your hair, or accessories
 It often demonstrates distress and nervousness while flattering.

b)Leg crossing
It demonstrates resistance

c) Excessive smiling 
Indicates lack of seriousness and sometimes of confidence.

d)Folding arms
It suggests insecurity or being in a defensive attitude.

e) Folding your hands on your lap 
Hiding your hands under a conference table or desk, for example, signals untrustworthiness; a cue from ancient times, when men would reveal their palms to show they were unarmed.

2.
 The following list put forward several body expressions that in other cultures different to the Hispanic have a different connotation.

a) Nodding the head
While we use it for expressing acceptance, in some parts of Greece, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Turkey it means “No”.

b) Rocking the head back forth slowly
It means “yes I am listening in many Asian cultures”.

c) Eye contact
In some Asian and African cultures is rude and disrespectful.

d) Raising eye browns
Yes in Thailand and other Asian cultures

e) Pulling the ear
“you are in my heart” in Navajo islands

f) Nose tap
“be careful” in Italy
“it is confidential in England”

g) Pointing the nose
“It’s me” in Japan

h)The “come here” gesture
Could be seen as an insult in Asian countries
Can be interpreted as good bye in Italy

i)Pointing
Pointing with the index is impolite is Asian cultures, instead they point with their hands.

j) Holding hands
In parts of Asia and the middle east men who are friends walk holding their hands.

3.
The following examples suggest some differences in body language between men and women.

a) Lying
When men lie, their body language appears relaxed. Women, on the other hand, pretend to look busy when they lie.

b) Smilying
Men smile more frequently and the smile takes time to fade away. Women, too, smile frequently, but the smile lasts only for a while.

c)  Head position (positive situation)
In case of a positive atmosphere of the conversation, women tend to turn towards the speaker, while men turn their head towards the side.

d) Head position (negative situation)
If the situation is negative, a woman will not indulge in eye contact. Conversely, a man would look more steadily towards the interlocutor.

e) Eye contact
Both men and women look directly into the eyes of their interest while having a conversation. However, men may move their eyes indicating their nervousness, while women, many a times, shy off and turn aside their head.

f) Show of interest
 Men show their interest in women by sitting close to them or touching their shoulder or arms softly, while talking. Conversely, women touch the arms or shoulders of men softly only if they like the physical closeness of the person.
g) Expression of feelings
 Women are more likely to display progressive behavior, show emotions and let their feelings come through. Conversely, men generally display behaviors of power, dominance and assertiveness.

h) Facial gestures
In day to day living, men display facial gestures that are more relaxed and express less warmth, while women’s gestures are lighter and more flexible.

i)Tossing Hair
Since ages, long, flowing hair has been a sign of femininity, sexuality, and child bearing ability. As such, tossing or flicking hair is a common and favorite flirting gesture for women. Mine while normally men would not act this way.

k) Neck Rubbin
Undoubtedly, the neck is one of woman’s most sensitive zones. Soft smooth skin is what drives men crazy and the neck is the most socially acceptable area to display it. And touching it stimulates a gentle, soothing, and loving sensation, enough to make one mad. Men often use other body parts such as muscles.



Tuesday, January 25, 2011

The Psychology of Fear: Mara Salvatrucha



Mara Salvatrucha, M-13, or MS, are different ways of naming the most dangerous criminal gang in latin america. MS was created in Los Angeles by Salvadoran immigrants  after the Central American civil wars of the 1980s. Originally, the gang's main purpose was to protect Salvadoran immigrants from other, more established gangs of the city, but through time they became the most powerful one in the zone. Many Mara Salvatrucha gang members from Los Angeles have been deported after being arrested. As a result of these deportations M-13 grew in Central American countries.

For identifying and communicating they use hand signs. One of the most commonly shown is the "devil's head" which forms an 'M' when presented upside down. Also MS mambers cover themselves in tattoos. Common markings include "MS", "Salvatrucha", the "Devil Horns"and other symbols. As well they show they taftnss through their initiation ritual, where each candidate must resist 13 seconds of repression without defending themselves. Mara Salvatrucha has become Central America’s greatest problem. In addition to violent acts committed by the gang against citizens and gang rivalries, also the gang had organize violent acts against the government. In 1997 the son of Honduras President Ricardo Maduro was kidnapped and murdered by MS-13 members Members also left a mutilated body with a note for the Honduras president that “more people will die, the next victims will be police and journalists.” Also in Guatemala n 2004 President Oscar Berger received a similar messages attached to the body of a mutilated man.






In an internal and external way MS instill fear. Inside the gang mistakes are a synonym of death. The severe punishment prevents people from betrayal, not obeying superiors, and from leaving the gang. Outside the MS, normal civilians also fear people involved with this criminal movement. Their harshness maintains people scared and unmorally they earn their respect. Their actions cause panic, and from them you learn to live trying not to have any type of contact and respecting them. If not you could lose your life. This gang is linked with fear because their inhumane ways of getting the attention of the government and in general from the country and their punishments inspire a sort of respect between people.

Monday, December 6, 2010

Biological cause of violence

    
We can see acts of violence in all human races throughout history. It is an inherited biological trait that we possess in order to survive. As humans we are genetically wired to acquire food, a mate, and do whatever we can for survival.  Charles Darwin and other foundational fathers of psychology support this evidence.  

Some psychologists say that violence come in genes. Man believe that if they are aggressive, then women will be attracted to them for their capability to produce strong offspring and well in most of the cases that is true. Males will also show aggression if they believe that their mate is copulating with anyone other than them. Statistics show that men are indeed more aggressive then women. They are arrested for around 90% of all violent crimes, except for rape where they are arrested for 99% of the crimes. Males commit most acts of violence and aggression when they are in their young, which als happens to be the time they are most fertile. Also violence is affected by other big biological factor, aggressiveness and violent behavior has been linked to the following physical and biological causes tumors and disruptions affecting the limbic system, epileptic seizures, endocrine abnormalities, birth complications, nervous system abnormalities, hyperactivity genetics body type, learning disorders personality disorders, disconnect between the limbic and frontal cortex areas of the brain low blood sugar alcohol and drugs. Aggression is linked most to an area of the brain called the amygdala. When the amygdala is stimulated it causes animals to become violent, and when activity to the amygdala is blocked animals will become calm and docile.  It is not so common in humans because we use our common sense. As well, brain chemicals can influence aggression.

Humans are genetically made up to be violent when their well-being is threatened.  Not only can this be seen in most animal species, but also in humans since the Stone Age times of hunting and gathering. However our acts of violence have evolved and have been adapted to the society we currently live in.  Instinctually we are a violent species in order to protect ourselves and survive.            

http://www.adherents.com/misc/violence.html
http://knol.google.com/k/violence-and-aggression#Biological_Causes

Friday, December 3, 2010

Law of effect and operant conditioning

Edward Thorndike:

1. Explain Thorndike's puzzle-box experiment.
Thorndike experiment consisted on putting a cat in a puzzle box and observed the cat’s behavior for escaping and getting food. He used foot pedals. If the animal stepped on the switch, the door of the cage opened. The object of the research was to study how quickly the cat learned to perform this response in order to get free. He made like a laberynth for the cat so he was able to go and get his food. 
2. Explain Thorndike's "Law of Effect".
=The law of effect responses closely followed by satisfaction, it will become definitely attached to the situation and therefore more likely to reoccur when the situation is repeated.
3. Explain Thorndike's "Law of Exercise".
= The law of exercise response connections that are repeating are the ones that are strength. The stimulus responses that are not used are weakened.

B.F. Skinner:

1. Explain Skinner's concept of Operant Conditioning
=Operant Conditioning involves reinforcement and punishment. It changes the behavior tendencies. It associates a stimulus with a response. 
2. What does reinforcement always do?
= it increases the strength and frequency of the response.
3. What does a punishment always do?
=negative reinforcement that happens when the behavior is not desirable.
4. Explain the difference between "positive" and "negative" as they are used in operant conditioning.
= Positive reinforcement is when a behavior is followed by a stimulus that is appetitive or rewarding, increasing the frequency of that behavior. The Punishment way occurs when a behavior is followed by a stimulus, such as introducing a shock or loud noise, resulting in a decrease in that behavior, while the negative way occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, thereby increasing that behavior's frequency. In the Skinner box experiment, negative reinforcement can be a loud noise continuously sounding inside the rat's cage until it engages in the target behavior, such as pressing a lever, upon which the loud noise is removed. taking away a child's toy following an undesired behavior, resulting in a decrease in that 


http://tip.psychology.org/thorn.htmlbehavior. 
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/skinner.html

Friday, November 19, 2010

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov:
1. What was Pavlov actually studying when he developed his theory of classical conditioning?

=  He was studying salivation in dogs.                                                         
2. Explain (in detail) how Pavlov's experiment was conducted.

=Pavlov put his dogs in an experimental chamber, were presented with meat powder and they had their saliva collected via a surgically implanted tube in their saliva glands. Over time, he noticed that his dogs who begin salivation before the meat powder was even presented, whether it was by the presence of the handler or merely by a clicking noise produced by the device that distributed the meat powder.
Fascinated by this finding, Pavlov paired the meat powder with various stimuli such as the ringing of a bell. After the meat powder and bell were presented together several times, the bell was used alone. Pavlov’s dogs, as predicted, responded by salivating to the sound of the bell without the food. The bell began as a neutral stimulus. However, by pairing the bell with the stimulus that did produce the salivation response, the bell was able to acquire the ability to trigger the salivation response.
3. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Pavlov's experiment.

= The meat powder is considered an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the dog’s salivation is the unconditioned response (UCR). The bell is a neutral stimulus until the dog learns to associate the bell with food. Then the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) which produces the conditioned response (CR) of salivation after repeated pairings between the bell and food.
4. Explain what extinction means in relation to classical conditioning.

= In relation to classical conditioning extinction is when Classical Condition is absence from the unconticional statement. The Conditional statement loses the capacity to cause conditional response. This is also called spontaneous recovery.
5. Explain what stimulus generalization means in relation to classical conditioning.

= Stimulus generalization is when the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to suggest similar responds for the ones who have been conditioned.
6. Explain what stimulus discrimination means in relation to classical conditioning.

= Stimulus Discrimination means that the organism's ability to perceive differences among stimuli and respond to only one or a few such stimuli. Discrimination produces signals the behavioral course proper to the situation.7. Explain at least two limitations of this experiment.= -He only worked with dogs
   -He required surgical procedure
8. Explain what Pavlov theorized about how we learn.= Pavlov said that when a natural stimulus is paired with a neutral the neutral is learned providing the natural stimulus evoking the responds of the neutral.


John B. Watson:
1. Explain (in detail) how Watson's "Little Albert" study was conducted.

=Watson studied Albert, an 11 month old infant child. The goal of the study was to condition Albert to become afraid of a white rat by pairing the white rat with a very loud, jarring noise. First, Albert showed no sign of fear when he was presented with rats, but once the rat was repeatedly paired with the loud noise, Albert developed a fear of rats. It could be said that the loud noise induced fear. The implications of Watson’s experiment suggested that classical conditioning could cause some phobias in humans.
2. Identify the conditioned stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned response from Watson's study

= (CS)— Rat
   (UCS)- Loud noise
   (UCR)-Fear

3. Explain at least two limitations of this study.= -He only used one baby.
    -There were other sounds around.
4. Explain Watson's law of frequency.= Watson’s law of frequency stated that the more often two things are linked the association will be       more powerful.
5. Explain Watson's law of recency.= Watson’s law of recency states that responds occur immediately after the stimulus.
6. Explain the basic assumptions of behaviorism according to Watson.=   He said that all behavior can be reducing to its basics components.


http://www.learning-theories.com/classical-conditioning-pavlov.html
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Pavlov's_Classical_Conditioning-definition
http://www.jstor.org/pss/1423074

Thursday, November 4, 2010

Articles about sleep

The study was conducted by Barbara Phillips, MD, director of the UK Healthcare Good Samaritan Sleep Center in Lexington, Ky. The study was developed making two surveys, the second one two years later of the first one. School times during the first year were 7:30 a.m. for high schools and 8 a.m. for middle schools. In the second one high schools and middle schools started one hour later at 8:30 a.m. and 9 a.m. The results when school started one hour later was that students had from 12  to 30 minutes more self-reported nightly sleep. The percentage of students who got at least eight hours of sleep per weeknight increased significantly from 35.7 percent to 50 percent. Students who got at least nine hours of sleep also increased from 6.3 percent to 10.8 percent. I personally prefer to start school earlier for having an earlier dismissal, but it is true that starting one hour later will allow me to sleep more.
Judith A. Owens, M.D., M.P.H., of the Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, and colleagues was responsible for conducting thsi study. She studied 201 students in grades 9 through 12 attending high school in Rhode Island. For the purposes of the study, class start time was procrastinated from 8 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. Also, students were required to complete the online retrospective Sleep Habits Survey before and after the change in school start time. Students reported more satisfaction with sleep and experienced improved motivation. Daytime sleepiness, fatigue and depressed mood were all reduced, the percentage of students getting less than seven hours of sleep decreased by 79.4 percent, and those reporting at least eight hours of sleep increased from 16.4 percent to 54.7 percent. I personally like to be satisfied with my sleep and also things are done better with motivation, so I like this study because it suggests school directives a simple way of havin happier students.
The study was conducted by Antoine Viola, Derk-Jan Dijk, and colleagues at the University of Surrey's Sleep Research Center. In the study scientist and psychologists compared how individuals possessing only the longer gene variant and those possessing only the shorter one coped with being kept awake for two days, including the intervening night. Researches found that a genetic difference in  gene in period 3, makes some people particularly sensitive to the effects of sleep deprivation. The results were shown mostly between 4 and 8 a.m., during which individuals with the longer variant of the gene performed very poorly on tests for attention and working memory. I personally didnt know about this, its interesting and I hope they continue doing this type of works.

Monday, November 1, 2010

Depression

1. The biological causes of depression are physical changes in the brain, which can be caused by problems with the neurotransmitters and neurons. Also changes in the body's balance of hormones, which can be a result of problems in the thyroid, menopause, or other condition. Inherited traits are also involved in causes of depression.

2. The environmental causes of depression are life events such as the death or loss of familiars of loved ones, financial problems, and high stress. Early childhood traumas can be also a cause of depression, traumatic events during childhood such as abuse or loss of a loved one which can cause permanent changes in the brain.

3. Cognitive causes of depression are learned through relationships, unfavorable life situations often in childhood and the formative years. People view the world in a negative way, this negative view is usually a distortion of reality.

4. The Cognitive Triad is based in 3 beliefs that can cause depression and affect each other. These things are negative views of the self, the world, and to the future. As an example if a soccer player fails a penalty will believe he is a failure, then will believe everyone is against him, and finally he will believe he will fail in a future and would never be good at something.

http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=564306
http://www.md-phc.com/puntil/ccausesof.htm
http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/allen.html
http://www.allaboutdepression.com/cau_04.html

Thursday, October 28, 2010

Articles on Depression



Article #1
The study was conducted by Dr. Mahmood I. Siddique, clinical associate professor of medicine at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in New Brunswick, N.J. It was presented June 9, 2010, in San Antonio, Texas, at SLEEP 2010, the 24th annual meeting of the Associated Professional Sleep Societies LLC. The study involved 262 high school seniors with an average age of 17.7 years who were attending a public high school in Mercer County, N.J. Participant show socio-demographic characteristics using a cross-sectional survey. Too much daytime sleepiness was indicated by a score of 10 or higher on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and mood was evaluated with a validated depression scale. The results indicated that high school seniors were three times more likely to have strong depression symptoms if they had excessive daytime sleepiness.

Article#2
The study was conducted by Lawrence T. Lam, Ph.D., of the School of Medicine, Sydney, and the University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia, and Zi-Wen Peng, M.Sc., of the Ministry of Education and SunYat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China, in August 2010. It will appear in the October print issue of Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine.  1,041 teens in China were assessed for depression and anxiety using previously validated scales. They also completed a survey to identify pathological Internet use, including questions that reflect typical behaviors of addiction. At the beginning of the study, 62 participants  were classified as having moderately pathological use of the Internet, and 2% were severely at risk. Nine months later, the adolescents were re-assessed for anxiety and depression; 2%  had significant anxiety symptoms and 84% had developed depression. The risk of depression for those who used the Internet pathologically was about two and a half times that of those who did not. No relationship was observed between pathological Internet use and anxiety.

Article#3


The study was conducted by researchers at the University of Bergen, Norway, and the Institute of Psychiatry (IoP) at King's College led by Dr Robert Stewar. The study consisted of a survey of over 60,000, complemented with already existent records. Researchers found that over the following 4 yearsusing the survey, the mortality risk was increased to a similar extent in people who were depressed as in people who were smokers.